Salazar Surname Meaning and Origin - About Genealogy

The Salazar surname indicates one who came from Salazar in northern Burgos, Castile, Spain—a place name meaning corral or manor house - probably from sala, meaning hall and Basque za(h)ar, meaning old.  Salazar could also mean a dweller in or near the house or palace, or a dweller near the place sacred to St. Lazar.  Salazar is an ancient surname found in Vizcaya, Castile, Navarre, Santander and Burgos, Spain. Salazar is the 44th most common Hispanic surname. Surname Origin:  Spanish Alternate Surname Spellings:  SALASAR, DE SALAZAR Famous People with the Surname SALAZAR Juan Carlos Salazar - well known Venezuelan singer and cuatro playerAntà ³nio de Oliveira Salazar - Prime Minister of Portugal from 1932 to 1968; also served as acting President of the Republic in 1951Abel de Lima Salazar  - Portuguese physician, writer, researcher and painterAntonio Sebastià ¡n de Toledo Molina y Salazar  - Viceroy of New Spain Where Do People With the VARGAS Surname Live? The surname distribution data at  Forebears  ranks Salazar as the 340th most common surname in the world, identifying it as most prevalent in Mexico and with the highest density in Costa Rica. Salazar is the 9th most common surname in Ecuador, 22nd in Venezuela, 27th in Costa Rica and Peru, and 33rd in the Philippines. Salazar is no longer a surname that is common in Spain according to WorldNames PublicProfiler; the Salasar spelling is a bit more common. Within the United States, the Salazar surname is very common in New Mexico and Texas. Genealogy Resources for the Surname SALAZAR 100 Common Hispanic Surnames Their Meanings. Garcia, Martinez, Rodriguez, Lopez, Hernandez... Are you one of the millions of people sporting one of these top 100 common Hispanic last names?How to Research Hispanic Heritage. Learn how to get started researching  your Hispanic ancestors, including the basics of family tree research and country-specific organizations, genealogical records, and resources for Spain, Latin America, Mexico, Brazil, the Caribbean, and other Spanish speaking countries.Salazar Family Crest - Its Not What You Think. Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Salazar family crest or coat of arms for the Salazar surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.  SALAZAR Family Genealogy Forum. Search this popular genealogy forum for the Salazar surname to find others who might be researchi ng your ancestors, or post your own Salazar query.FamilySearch - SALAZAR Genealogy. Access over 1.7 million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Salazar surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.GeneaNet - Salazar Records. GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Salazar surname, with a concentration on records and families from France, Spain, and other European countries.SALAZAR Surname Family Mailing Lists. This free mailing list for researchers of the Salazar surname and its variations includes subscription details and searchable archives of past messages.DistantCousin.com - SALAZAR Genealogy Family History. Explore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Salazar.The Salazar Genealogy and Family Tree Page. Browse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last n ame Salazar from the website of Genealogy Today. ----------------------- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

The Criminal Justice System Has Served As A Focal Point Of...

in serious violent offending at higher rates than white males, but not dramatically so. By age 27, 48% of black males have reported at least one instance of such behavior, compared to 38% of white males, a ratio of about 5:4. For lower class males, the differences are even smaller, about 7:6 black to white† (Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)). These studies propose that while criminal behavior cuts across race and class lines, the common response to these behaviors may significantly influence the course of a potential criminal career. Decisions concerning the most effective balance of responses by law enforcement, social services, and community intervention are critical in determining many of these outcomes. Bias within the criminal justice Historically, the criminal justice system has served as a focal point of much of societal racism. There is a long legacy of practices such as the criminal leasing system, extra-judicial lynchings, and police brutality have shaped the history of African Americans and the criminal justice system. Over the last thirty years, there has been significant change has occurred in some aspects of the system. In many jurisdictions minorities have moved into positions of leadership within law enforcement, the courts, and corrections systems. Supreme Court decisions have placed restrictions on such practices as prosecutorial bias in jury selection (James F. Nelson, Disparities in Processing Felony Arrests in New York State). Despite theseShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Richard Wright s Native Son1652 Words   |  7 Pagestoo long the American society has fallen victim to the corruption and hypocrisy within the judicial system. This is something we notice particularly with African American males ever since the early 1900s have suffered the most when it comes to receiving justice. 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No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerningRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesMcKeown 9 †¢ 2 Twentieth-Century Urbanization: In Search of an Urban Paradigm for an Urban World †¢ Howard Spodek 53 3 Women in the Twentieth-Century World Bonnie G. Smith 83 4 The Gendering of Human Rights in the International Systems of Law in the Twentieth Century †¢ Jean H. Quataert 116 5 The Impact of the Two World Wars in a Century of Violence †¢ John H. Morrow Jr. 161 6 Locating the United States in Twentieth-Century World History †¢ Carl J. Guarneri 213 Read MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pages10020. Copyright  © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions  © 2009, 2006, and 2003. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and printRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesrights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher. This McGraw−Hill Pr imis text may include materials submitted to McGraw−Hill for publication by the instructor of this course. The instructor is solely responsible for the editorial content of such

John Smith’s Account of the Founding of Jamestown in 1607 Free Essays

The colony at Jamestown, the colonies at Plymouth, and the colony at Boston had different nature, goals, successes and failures. There was a cross of similarities and differences. One thing that remains obvious is each was looking for something that was lacking in their home land. We will write a custom essay sample on John Smith’s Account of the Founding of Jamestown in 1607 or any similar topic only for you Order Now There was a perception and a picture that each group had when they left their homelands. Arrival in the new would prove to be an alternate reality from that which was envisioned. The new reality still provided a challenge for each settlement. This was to be a new start.This was an opportunity to establish something new. That would be a chance to be a part of something great. The New World offered opportunities to have success on a different level. Jamestown was a joint venture. People joined their financed together to create a business organization called a stock company. Like any other business the ultimate goal was to produce a profit. The initial settlers basically worked for the benefit of the joint stock company. They would not be completely free to make their own rules and regulations.There were specific rules even on the voyage of the rationing of the food. The Settlement of Jamestown shows s the initial days of Jamestown from the point of view of Captain John Smith. The very first impression of the New World gave foreshadowing of some of the doom and gloom in store for the travelers. As soon as they arrived on the shore they were attacked by travelers. That night a box was opened to give orders of how they were to organize and govern themselves according to the joint stock company.John Smith goes on to give an account of internal jealousy, trust, and greed issues of the group. That was compounded with the external sickness, disease, and multiple attacks by the savages that often resulted in death. He personally was on the verge of being killed when he was saved. Even the settlement was on the verge of dying out when God intervened and changed the hearts of the savages. This resulted in the savages helping them. Captain John Smith acknowledges God’s hand in the survival of Jamestown.The settlement at Plymouth goes a little farther in establishing that God is one of the main reasons for the colony. Pilgrims were looking for religious liberty and anew way of life for their families. They were not crusaders out to change the world or gather riches. They were â€Å"humble English farmers† (Brands et al, 2009, p 42). Their first sight of land proved to be a joyous occasion. It was important and natural for them to give God praise for a successful voyage. The Pilgrims governing structure came from the self created Mayflower Compact.It was democratic in nature. They were in agreement from the beginning of the voyage that there was to be no overseas ruler. They each had their freedom. The Pilgrims contact with the savages was less confrontational than that of Jamestown. The savages tended to run as opposed to attacking the settlers. The Pilgrims had similar results in dealing with the sickness and diseases of the New World. John Winthrop and the Puritans had very ambitious ideas when they established the Boston colony. They had visions to what amounts to a utopian society.The goals were to show what Christian society could and should be. In A Model of Christian Charity, John Winthrop writes about what he envisioned as he traveled on the Arbella on his way to the New Word. Their life was to be based on scripture. The answer to how to deal with all situations would come from the Bible. Two of their main principles would be justice and mercy. How to deal with the rich and poor, friend and enemies and forgiveness would be very important in their settlement. The law would be based on God’s laws.Success would be determined by how people lived. They did not have to deal with the same level of sickness and diseases as Jamestown and Plymouth. If you asked the Puritans they would probably tell you that it is a direct result of their lifestyle and God’s presence. Captain John smith’s article seemed to present a dark mood as he described what he had to go through. He did not seem to have a very favorable outlook toward his fellow man. He mentions the good, bad and very ugly side of what man is capable of.The Puritans contrastingly, focused on the potential greatness of mankind. The Pilgrims were somewhere in the middle. Each article gave praises to God. God and religion played an important role in each colony.Bibliography Bradford, William. (1650). History of Plymouth Plantation. Brands, HWA, Breen, THH, Williams, R. Hal and Gross, A. J. (2009) American Stories: A History of the United States. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Smith, John. (1604). The Settlement of Jamestown. Winthrop, John. (1630). A Model of Christian Charity. How to cite John Smith’s Account of the Founding of Jamestown in 1607, Papers

Application Of Accounting Standards Provide-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Application Of Accounting Standards Provide? Answer: Introducation The accounting treatment that the management of the Pewter Ltd. is intending to provide in the preparation and presentation would not give a true and fair view of the financial position of the company. Therefore the importance of accounting standards must be looked in and compliance for the same is required to be followed by the company otherwise it would lead to preparation misleading financial statements. Following are the accounting treatments to be given by the company so as to achieve true picture of companys financial position. Accounting for Deferred Tax Assets and the Deferred Tax Liabilities is undertaken to properly recognise the current and the deferred tax in the financial statements of the company. The said accounting is the requirement of AASB 112 issued by the Australian accounting standard board and is needed to be complied by all the listed entities of Australia (Australian Government, 2012). Application of this accounting standard in the preparation and presentation of financial statements is important for the entities to follow the basic rules of accounting such as accrual concept and matching concept. Moreover, proper accounting of DTA DTL also enables a company to present a true and view of its financial position as it ensures the recognition of the corresponding tax effects of all the transactions during a particular year (Guenther, 2011). Deferred Tax Assets and Deferred Tax Liabilities are created in the financial statements to provide for the values that are the results of differences in the rules of accounting as prescribed in the accounting standards and the rules framed and followed by the tax authorities. As the taxes are required to be paid on the taxable profits calculated as per the tax laws but in the preparation of books of accounts generally accepted accounting principles are followed, there arises the differences in the tax liability under both the frameworks. These differences are primarily classified as the timing and the permanent differences. In creation of DTA DTL, only the timing differences are to be considered as permanent differences do not make any difference in book profits and the taxable profits of any following years (Serocki Callaghan, 2012). DTAs are the prepaid taxes as they represent the anticipated reduction in the taxes in subsequent periods as a result of payment of higher taxes in the current year following the tax rules (Tran, 2015). However, DTL represents anticipated increase in the tax liability in future periods as a result of lesser tax payments made under the tax rules (Branson, 2012). These differences are required to be recognised in the financial statements using the matching concept which prescribes the recognition of the expenses in that particular year in which the income is reported. To report the income in the books of accounts, use of accrual concept is necessary as it recognises income only in the year in which they are actually earned and not in the year of cash receipts for the same. The accrual concept also applies on the expenditures. If the company does not account for DTL it will result in negligence of the accrual concept as the expenses that have been actually incurred in the year are not p rovided for in the financial statements of that year (Harrington, Smith Trippeer, 2012). Non-recognition of DTA DTL will amount to negligence of matching concept as the related tax expenses of the significant transactions will remain unrecognised in the year leading to increase in tax liability in the future periods. Moreover if the tax expenses and the tax savings of the company are not recognised adequately this will mislead the readers of financial statements as they would not depict the correct picture of companys tax obligations. In the current case application of AASB 18 named as REVENUE has to be taken into account while recognising the revenues generated from the sale of products of the company by various retailers (Australian Government, 2010). As per the accounting standard issued by the Australian accounting standard board for the recognition of revenues in the books of accounts, the revenue from the sales and the services must be recognised as and when there is a no uncertainty about the collection of revenue from the operations. In case of sales of goods revenue is recognised in the books of account when it meets the certain criteria which are as follows: When the seller has transferred all the material risks and the rewards relating to the goods and title in goods is also transferred to the buyers. When the revenue from the sale is easily and reliably measurable. When there is a certainty about the inflow of the future economic benefits from the sale transactions. The cost that have been incurred or is going to be incurred in relation to the transactions of sale is identifiable certainly. If all the above mentioned conditions are fulfilled the company must recognise the revenue from its sales operations (Caylor, 2010). But if any of the condition specified above is not fulfilled the entity should not account for the revenue as it will lead to overstatement of revenues without their being actually accrued. The concept of prudence is also to be applied while recognition of revenue as it prescribes that the income must be recognised only when it is realised. In the present case the company has agreed to recognise the revenue from the sales at the start of the quarter which would not lead to acceptable accounting treatment of revenue as the criteria that are above mentioned are not fulfilled at the beginning of the relevant quarter. As at the stage where goods are merely shipped to the retailers, the risk and the rewards from the products are not transferred to the ultimate buyers (Horngren, et al., 2012). Moreover, the decision of not recording the fees separately that is being paid to the retailers for displaying the products of company in their stores just because it is the cost of business is incorrect. The fees must be charged to revenue account separately it will give the better presentation of financial statements of the company. The cost of conducting the business is a materialistic item which needs to be provided for separately in the books of accounts so as to make it clearly understandable to the users of financial statements a bout the quantum of costs incurred in generating the revenues from a particular operation. Moreover, as per the matching concept the company must recognise separately the fees paid to the retailers as the expense at the time of recognising the revenues from the sales operations so that the financial statements depicts the true picture of the sales operations of company(Deegan, 2012). Conclusion: It can be easily concluded from the above research that the compliance of Australian accounting standards while preparing the books of accounts will provide the accuracy and clarity in preparation and presentation of financial statements. Also, the true adherence to the accounting standards will enable the company to avoid the regulatory interventions from various authorities. It is highly recommended to the management of the company to consider the importance accrual and matching concept while accounting for the taxes. Therefore creation of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities in a must for the company so as to avoid incorrect accounting treatment for tax obligations. At the same time the company must avoid recognising the revenue from sales at the stage of mere shipment as it will lead to violation of prescribed accounting standard in relation to this matter. References Australian Government, 2010. Revenue: AASB 118, available at https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB112_07-04_COMPsep11_07-12.pdf (viewed on 11th September, 2017) Australian Government, 2012. Income tax: AASB 112, available at https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB112_07-04_COMPsep11_07-12.pdf (viewed on 11th September, 2017) Branson, C.C., 2012. Reportable tax positions: A recent innovation by the ATO.Taxation in Australia,46(7), p.296. Caylor, M.L., 2010. Strategic revenue recognition to achieve earnings benchmarks.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,29(1), pp.82-95. Deegan, C., 2012.Australian financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Guenther, D., 2011. What do we learn from large book-tax differences.University of Oregon, Working paper. Harrington, C., Smith, W. and Trippeer, D., 2012. Deferred tax assets and liabilities: tax benefits, obligations and corporate debt policy.Journal of Finance and Accountancy,11, p.1. Horngren, C., Harrison, W., Oliver, S., Best, P., Fraser, D. and Tan, R., 2012.Financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Serocki, J.S. and Callaghan, J.H., 2012. Increased understanding of accounting for income taxes through effective tax rate calculations and reconciliations.The Accounting Educators' Journal,21(1). Tran, A., 2015. Can taxable income be estimated from financial reports of listed companies in Australia?.Browser Download This Paper.

Summary Read-Only Participants a Case for Student Communication in Online Classes Essay Example

Summary Read-Only Participants: a Case for Student Communication in Online Classes Paper Summary Read-only PARTICIPANTS:A Case for Student Communication in Online Classes Tomeka D. Howard Grand Canyon University UNV-501 Andrew McBroom July 27, 2011 Read A Case for Student Communication in Online Classes One can still learn even if they do not take a part in the online discussion (Beaudoin 2002). Read-only participants: a case for student communication in online classes was done to show the other side of Beaudoin’s article, Learning or lurking? Tracking the â€Å"invisible† online student. Nagel, Blignaut, and Cronje wanted to show how successful students are when they take advantage with in an online community. In order for a student to be able to succeed in any online course, the student must contribute as often as possible. Over eight weeks,, a web only based course was given at the University of Pretoria. And every week the student would do research, participate in discussions, web artifacts and later do a group assignment (Nagel, Blignaut, Cronje, 2009). Through these assignments, Nagel, Blignaut, and Cronje were able to see how each of the students was able to relay on one another for help, and also giving feed back. The final grades were based on, 10% from the discussion pose and the other 90% came from research posting, web artifacts, group assignments, peer review, and final essays assignment (Nagel et al. ). Though the study was conducted on the base to find out how well a student would do by participating, they also looked at those who did not and those who semi participated. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary Read-Only Participants: a Case for Student Communication in Online Classes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Summary Read-Only Participants: a Case for Student Communication in Online Classes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Summary Read-Only Participants: a Case for Student Communication in Online Classes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Students were put into to three categories: the fail group ( 50% and less), Pass group (51% to 74%) and the Distinction group (75% and higher)(Nagel et al. ). With the case study you can see that students had more success based on if they posted online, turned in assignments, or interacted with in the online community. Those who do not participate may need up failing or dropping out of school. No one really knows why there are students who would not interact or participate; only an assumption could be made why. In order to be able to complete an online course the student must want to work hard as an individual but also within a community setting. To help further the success of a student the facility should set a number of times post should be done, give feed back on the post and class assignments, give individual grades for group assignments and rotate the groups, and give any useful information that could help with an assignment or posting (Nagel et al. , 2009). You can give a person all the useful tools in the world but you can not make them use the tools to complete the course. It is up to the person to want to achieve that goal. References: Beaudoin, M. F. (2002). Learning or lurking? Tracking the â€Å"invisible† online student. Internet and Higher Education, 5, 147-155. Nagel, L. , Blignaut, S. , Cronje, J. (2009). Read-only participants: a case for student communication in online class. Interactive Learning Environments, 17(1), 37-51. Retrieved from http://web. ebscohost. com. library. gcu. edu:2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? sid=720edd96-32d1-40c2-a26c-d460c4ecd118%40sessionmgr110vid=2hid=105

A Hilarious Roller Coaster Monologue for Women

A Hilarious Roller Coaster Monologue for Women An outgoing woman named Roxy delivers this comedic female monologue. Her boyfriend is a roller coaster fanatic, and also a bit immature. Therefore, she has decided to break up with him, right in the middle of their roller coaster ride. Although the character sits most of the time, the actress could feel free to add a lot of movement and facial expressions to simulate the ride. The Monologue (Roxy gets into her rollercoaster seat.)(She’s talking to her boyfriend.) You and your obsession with roller coasters.What’s the name of this one? Oh, â€Å"TheTerminatrix.† How nice. Look, Derek, I- How do I buckle this thing? I got it.Derek, I think I’ve got enough adrenalineand funnel cakes in my system, I can finallytell you what’s in my heart right now. This might not be the best conversation to have on the rollercoaster, but if what I am about to say breaks your heart; you can claim that whatever tears might be in your eyes are due to wind resistance. (Leans back – the rollercoaster begins going up.) Oh – here we go! So, what I’m trying to say†¦What am I trying to say? Well, we’ve had a good year. Almost a year. (She leans forward and bounces up and down just a bit to show the bumpy beginning of the roller coaster.) Ten months and 22 days. Thingsstarted rough. Sort of like this ride. And I thought we were headed in the same direction. (Leans back again.) But now it feels like we’ve been traveling on two different tracks. What? Put my hands in the air?Okay. (Raises hands in the air.)But, Derek, where are we headed?I feel like I’m ready to take the plunge off of the Marriage Mountain Splash Ride. And I’m not afraid to get soaked with commitment. You’d rather spend your time on the bumper cars. Sure, it’s fun to bump around, but it getspretty meaningless after a while. So, that’s why I think – oh my gosh, this is high up! Is itsupposed to be this high? It’s safe, right?Anyway, that’s why I’ve decided – Here goes! (The roller coaster drop begins!) I’m BREAKING UP WITH YOU!!!! AAAAAH!I THINK WE SHOULD JUST BE FRIENDS!AND SEE OTHER PEOPLE!!!! Oh my gosh, oh my gosh! (She leans to the left.) So, what do you think?! (She leans to the right.) What are you doing? What is this? (She accepts something from him.) A ring? Do you want to marry me? Here comes another one! Whoa, whoa, aaaaaaah!You’re crazy, Derek! But - Yes!I’LL MARRY YOU!!!! (She lurches to a sudden stop. Catches her breath.) Let’s do it again!

Taxi driver Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Taxi driver - Essay Example t probably not for me because he has psychological problems such as; unable to sleep some nights, swallowing some pills, he wants to drive a car at nights and nowhere in the movie that shows the Vietnam part or any proof other than his Jacket. He thus has just one jacket, which is not enough proof for me because he was also lying to his family, by sending letters without his addresses as well as the fact that he cannot say anything about his job; events that were enough for me to realize his lies as well as psychological problems, such that when I analyse him from this side I cannot be hundred percent sure Travis was a veteran. Throughout the movie Travis felt alone; trying to find an exit. In addition he was in love with Betsy and frequently went to talk with her in her office. Betsy accepted his invitation since Travis did well on his first talk but on the second night he brought her a pornographic movie, however after that night he never saw her again despite him calling her sever al times and sending flowers to her house, Betsy never came back since she understood they have different lives. Cybil Lynne Shepherd as Betsy though played for less time; played a role which was a changing point in the movie. Her powerful eye contacts with Travis showed that she is an independent and courageous volunteer. The way that Travis approached Betsy was very well portrayed in the movie. Travis as a casual taxi driver is not so much interested in the politics of the country. But the way people were changing made him to become violent and rise against the social problems. The director has clearly shown that the only way Travis used to kill his lonely and desperate hours was by watching pornography since he was suffering from chronic insomnia. This shows the exact social status standing at that period of time in America. Also the adulterous behavior of family members added more coal to the fire and these incidents coupled together to make him think about the bad ideas other than

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 10

Human Resource Management - Essay Example s all countries, all professions and all the categories of worker, including both blue and white-collar workers, as well as families and society in general (What is workplace stress? Website at http: //www.ilo.org/public/english/ protection/safework/stress/whatis.htm). It should be mentioned that though stress has already become a well-studied phenomenon, it is quite complicated to define both the notion of stress in general and in particular the notion of job stress. â€Å"Job stress can be defined as a harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirement of the job do not match the capabilities, resources, or needs of the worker. Job stress can lead to poor health and even injury.† (Stress at work, Website at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/stresswk.html). Though this definition is quite correct, the statement that stress is harmful can be argued. Every day people face new and inexperienced situations and normally they should be able to get new responses in their reaction to such situations. It would therefore be a mistake to claim that stress is for sure a negative phenomenon, because a person cannot exist in this world without any interaction with the constantly changeable environment and the other people. That is why only excesses of stress situations are harmful and leads to pathological effects. Recent researches approved that job-related stress leads to coronary deficiency, and a variety of mental and physical abnormalities (Bosma, 1997, pp. 558—565; Gushue, 1996, pp. 1310—1313). In consequence of long standing study of the impact that stress in the workplace has on civil servants in Great Britain, researchers have discovered that there is a relation between a servant’s feeling of impossibility to have control over the process and chance of getting cardiovascular diseases. On studying of 7000 civil servants, both women and men, the scholars have come to the conclusion, that the feeling of self-helplessness often combined with heart

The Effects of Metformin on Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Term Paper

The Effects of Metformin on Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome - Term Paper Example Center of discussion in this paper is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) that actually indicates the presence of multiple cysts in the ovaries of certain women. This naturally impedes the normal ovarian function and also gives rise to a number of associated conditions in the physiology of such women. The presence of PCOS also induces the patients to develop diabetes mellitus. Metformin has been recognized as an effective medication for PCOS patients. There are a host of genetic, physiological and environmental factors behind the presence of PCOS in women. It has become a very common gynecological condition in most modern women. In the earlier days, physicians used the traditional method in the treatment of PCOS. This method consisted of suppressing the normal ovarian function of the patients with the help of a number of medicines. Oral contraceptives, progestins and GnRH agonists were prescribed to the patients to improve their physiological functioning. In recent times, the treatmen t of PCOS has veered towards the insulin sensitivity based treatment of the disease. Metformin is one such insulin sensitizing agent which mainly aims at reducing the insulin level of PCOS patients and thus generates beneficial effects to deal with their other medical conditions. It has gradually come to be accepted as an integral part of the modern nursing care. The review of the literature first endeavors to understand the emergence and complexity of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome reflecting on the factors which have made the disease more complex in nature. Secondly, it cites the various conventional approaches, pharmacological and non –pharmacological, which have been used in the past in an attempt to curb the incidence of the disease and assesses the efficacy of each. Finally, it focuses on the use of Metformin in the treatment of the disease, outlining the advantages and disadvantages associated with its use in treating Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in cases of pregnancy as w ell as in normal cases. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome PCOS should not in itself be properly described as a disease. Rather, it is observed as a combination of different symptoms, which in turn reflects various ailments. Radosh (2009) observed that Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is more complex during the reproductive stage of a women’s life. Multiple ‘cysts’ is one of the hallmark of PCOS. The emergence of ovarian cysts is due to the result of hormonal imbalances between the pituitary and ovarian organs. During the reproductive period, women affected by PCOS tend to have a plethora of problems. These include consecutive miscarriages, inability to conceive, extreme obesity, excessive hair on the body, face and chest, and prolonged menstruation. The existence of PCOS in women is increasingly linked to metabolic dysfunction leading to severe diabetic and cardio-vascular complications. It is further observed that the effect of such complications can give rise to excessive mental stress and loss of self – esteem (Radish, 2009). Age Groups Affected by PCOS PCOS affects the female population both in the younger and later years. Ushiroyama, Hosotani, Mori, Yamashita, Ikeda and Ueki(2006) observed that PCOS starts at a young age, revealing hormonal abnormality through symptoms such as menstrual

Evaluating the performance of tesco plc

Evaluating the performance of tesco plc For this assignment, I ideally considered an organization TESCO. It is a largest supermarket chain in United Kingdom. It employed over 260,000 employees over 1,800 stores. Since its having ample of people, managing human resource would be a great challenge to such company. Therefore I think this is most suitable to go through my study. Jack Cohen founded Tesco in 1919 when he began to sell surplus groceries from a stall in the East End of London. The Tesco brand first appeared in 1924. The name came about after Jack Cohen bought a shipment of tea from T.E. Stockwell. He made new labels using the first three letters of the suppliers name (TES), and the first two letters of his surname (CO), forming the word TESCO. The first Tesco store was opened in 1929 in Burnt Oak, Edgware, and Middlesex. Tesco floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1947 as Tesco Stores (Holdings) Limited. The first self service store opened in St Albans in 1951 (still operational in 2008 as a Metro), and the first supermarket in Maldon in 1956. During the 1950s and the 1960s Tesco grew organically, but also through acquisitions until it owned more than 800 stores. The company purchased 70 Williamsons stores (1957), 200 Harrow Stores outlets (1959), 212 Irwins stores (1960), 97 Charles Phillips stores (1964) and the Victor Value chain (1968) (sold to Bejam in 1986). Founder Jack Cohen was an enthusiastic advocate of trading stamps as an inducement for shoppers to patronise his stores. He signed up with Green Shield Stamps in 1963, and became one of the companys largest clients. Now there are more than 1800 stores running under Tesco. Tesco is being a one of the most important share holder in UK share market UK market share Graph Showing Market Share of Tesco According to TNS World panel, Tescos share of the UK grocery market in the 12 weeks to 10 August 2008 was 31.6%, up 0.3% on 12 weeks to 13 July 2008. The business market share has been rising monthly since its recent low of 30.9% in March 2008. Across all categories, over  £1 in every  £7 (14.3%) of UK retail sales is spent at Tesco. Tesco also operates overseas, and non-UK revenue for the year to 24 February 2007 was up 18% on 25 February 2006. Supermarket Consumer Spend ( £000s) Market Share August 2008 +/- from July 2008 Tesco 6,351,531 31.6% à ¢- ²0.3% Asda 3,410,431 17.0% à ¢- ²0.1% Sainsburys 3,175,543 15.9% à ¢- ²0.1% Morrisons 2,233,137 11.1% à ¢- ¼0.2% The Differing Perspectives of Human Resource Management Today Human Resource Management, which is a very significant functional field of organizational management, has evolved a very board and profound management branch. HRM is the efficient and effective utilization of human resource to achieve goals of an organization. While other resources make things possible only human resource make things happen. As employees have different personalities, different expectation and different abilities, it is difficult to manage them. In fact, HRM is a strategic source of competitive advantage that is more sustainable. Guests Model According to the David Guests (1989-1997) model of HRM has 6 dimensions of analysis: HRM strategy HRM practices HRM outcomes Behaviour outcomes Performance outcomes Financial outcomes The model is prescriptive in the sense that it is based on the assumption that HRM is distinctively different from traditional personnel management. A business can take to HRM many different approaches. Guest(1999) identified two different perspectives of HRM soft and hard, also these perspectives are similar to the tight and loose perspectives which are identified by Handy. According to the soft view of HRM, it explains employees to be a valuable asset to the company. (e.g., it is people that make the difference; the workforce is the most vital asset; human resources are the sole, real, sustainable, competitive advantage or edge.) On the other hand, the hard view of HRM considers that employees are resources to be managed effectively to achieve business objectives. According to Truss, those soft and hard approaches are based on opposing aims. The aim of soft model is to improve the competitive advantage of the company and the individual development of the employee based on the assumption that employees are viewed as a resource working to be trained and developed. In contrast, on the hard model employees are viewed as a cost that has to be managed and the aim of the model is to use the employees to achieve the organization goals. These approaches can also be viewed as tight and loose HRM, which are system based on compliance and commitment. Storeys Definitions The different perspectives can also be seen between the difference of personnel and HRM. Storey (1992) regarded HRM as a set of interrelated policies with an ideal HRM consisting of beliefs an assumption; strategic aspects; line management; key levers and dimension. For those who recognize a difference between personnel management and human resources, the difference can be described as philosophical. Personnel management is more administrative in nature, dealing with payroll, complying with employment law, and handling related tasks. Human resources, on the other hand, are responsible for managing a workforce as one of the primary resources that contributes to the success of an organization. Then, human resources are described as much broader in scope than personnel management. Personnel management is often considered an independent function of an organization. Human resource management, on the other hand, tends to be an integral part of overall company function. Personnel management is typically the sole responsibility of an organizations personnel department. With human resources, all of an organizations managers are often involved in some manner, and a chief goal may be to have managers of various departments develop the skills necessary to handle personnel-related tasks. While HRM concerns the human side of the management of enterprises and employees relations with their firms, Industrial Relations (IR) is comprised of certain actors, certain contexts, and ideology which binds the industrial relation system together and a body of rules created to govern the actors at the work place and work community. This term is a broader concept when compared with labour relations and it is concerned with the systems, rules and procedure used to determine the reward for effort and other conditions of employment. It can be viewed from tripartite perspective. Though the term IR seems to have a more macro view rather than micro view, it can be viewed as a one of the fields of HRM. Therefore we discuss IR under the theme of HRM. Several view points of HRM HRM is the management of people at work in an organization. Human resources are unique as they have expectation characteristics which are missing from all other resources. They have to be managed legally and ethically. Unilever practice this correctly. In management approach, HRM is a responsibility of every manager irrespective of his/her fields of interest a specialization. Though the Unilever has a human resource department led by a human resource manager, it has to serve all managers, non-managers and departments through it expertise. Also HRM is viewed as a system of interrelated functions. For instance job analysis affects recruitment, selection and pay management. When human resource activities are involved as a whole, they from the Unilevers human resource management system. Also HRM is an open system that is affected by the external environment that is composed of various forces which have direct or indirect influences on the organization and its HRM. In case of Unilever, those forces, labour law, trade unions, education system, training system, employee marketsetc affect HRM. Strategic approach to HRM is a recent development in the disciplines of HRM. HRM is called strategic HRM from this view point and the purpose is to generate or enhance competitive advantage or support achievement of strategic business needs. When it comes to Unilever, there also HRM is fully integrated with the strategy and strategic needs of the Unilever. Also HRM can be viewed from the proactive approach. Being proactive means acting before a problem occurred. Since there may be situations where problems arise suddenly and no time is available to anticipate, Unilever also recommended proactive HRM to follow whenever it is possible. Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) is treated a resent development in the field of HRM. It is concerned with those decisions which have a major and long term effect on the employment and development of people in the organization and on the relationship which exist between its management and staff. It is perceived and believed as an advance topic. The purpose of strategic approach to HRM is to generate or enhance competitive advantage or support achievement of strategic business needs and goals. Strategic aspect of HRM has four features which are as follows: HRM is a broad approach to managing people at work based on philosophy of HR. HRM is a major source of competitive advantage. It links to competitive advantage of the organization significantly. HRM policies/functions cohere within themselves and with other functional fields of organizational management. HRM is fully integrated with the strategy and strategic needs of the organization. Also HRM plays an important role in Unilever strategic management. HRM contributes to strategy formulation, strategy implementation and strategy evaluation. Flexibility within the Workplace Flexibility in work is an important key to a company, if the company need employee attraction and not to lose them. Flexibility means the way of working, which means that flexibility can be based on time and location. The flexibility in work can be categorized as follows; Part-Time Workers Part time workers are cheaper to recruit and they are not permanent and cannot involve in management procedures. The rights of part time workers are limited. Fixed/Short-Term Contract Workers Workers who are taken at a specified period as the company need. Outside Contractors/ Sub Contractors Group of workers or individual worker requites from outside the company for a special work at a specific time. Self Employed labour People who work for an exact company as a self employed basis. Agencies An agency which supplies employees to companies which seeks for labour. Get the customer to do the work Without any employee customers fulfil his needs by himself by use of technology. Shift working A continue way of working where employees work according to a time based system. Flex-Time A way of making decision by employee about his working time with in a core time. Job Share A way of sharing once works with other who work full time job on a part time basis. Annualized Hours A number of hours labour is given to employee and he need to complete that within a year. Tele working An easy way of working, by the use of technology employee can work at his own place, home, or even at road. Hot Disking/Hotel ling Employees need to go outside the company for specific job and they have a specific desk for them self in the office for permanently. Home working This is the same as Tele working and work can be carried out in home and this no need of network or communication As shown above flexibility of work can achieve the company a high standard in business and the satisfaction of the employee will be high because they get what they need. The flexibility in work will give advantage as well as disadvantages. Some of them are as follow. Employer view Employee satisfaction will reduce employee strikes etc. High level of outcome can be achieve Cost of employee is low Sometime cost cannot be maintained Employee internal competition will effect on company manufacture process or sales can be continue without a stop. Employee view Employee satisfaction is high Working stress is low There will be a new can do attitude in the business Time can be managed to do personal works Employers will miss use the labour Sometimes salary payment will be postponed. At Tesco, they are giving employees (and not just the women) the chance to work flexibly for years. Flexible working can mean Working part-time, Working from home Job sharing Most who take up the opportunity are parents. But not all One Tesco employee studied at college for his degree and was allowed to work flexibly in order to train more often. Another was given a sabbatical to practice with his rock band. These examples show how Tesco has given flexibility for their employees. When it comes to maternity and paternity packages, Tesco beats many other businesses. Company also believes in educating managers about the merits of employing mums. Work life initiative has been developed many years in response to employee request in Tesco. Tesco believes that this will make employee attraction on the company and the satisfaction will rise above the roof. Tesco sees the flexibility as an important issue because that directly effect on employees and without them company cannot carry out the works. Tesco as a company has arrange different ways of flexibility in work specially for mother who work full time, company has given them a holiday system where they can take holidays without a pre notice. The most of the part time worker in the company are employed in Europe rather than Asia. Form of the Discrimination Discrimination is someone is not treated as fairly to someone else in similar situation or treated differently because they are deferent in some way. Have two types of discriminations. Those are, Direct Discrimination Indirect Discrimination Direct Discrimination Race, sex, nationality of ethnic or national origin, disability are using for treat badly to someone. Indirect Discrimination Occurs when rules, regulations, policy procedures operating, which appears to treat everyone equality has the effect of the disadvantaging certain group and the recruitment is not reasonable. Current Legislations are against Employment Discrimination. There are 3 main legislations. Those are, Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006. Employment Equality (Religion or Bellies) Regulations 2003. Employment Equality (sexual orientation) Regulations 2003. Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 Protect against discrimination on grounds of age in employment and training prohibits direct and indirect discrimination, victimization, harassment and instruction to discrimination. Employment Equality (Religion or Bellies) Regulations 2003 The directive protects discrimination on the ground of religion and belief in employment, vocational training, promotions and working conditions. Employment Equality (sexual orientation) Regulations 2003 The directive protects against discrimination of sexual orientation in employment, Vocational training, Promotions and Working conditions. Proposed Changes to the Law Hours, Rest break and maximum working hours of the week. Most workers have the maximum they should work set down in law under the working time regulations. That guide can get understand rest breaking and rest periods offer employers to workers. Give national minimum wage to employees. Give pension scheme to all workers and increase maximum working age limit. Range of current Initiatives and practices are which focus on equal Opportunities in Employment. Current initiatives are very helpful for build up employer and employee rights. It is very need to work with trade unions. Other hand it is very helpful for give equal opportunities to all employees. Bellow I mentioned some practices for focus on equal opportunities in employment. Opportunity 2000 is aim to increase the quality and quantity of woman employment opportunities both practice and public sector organizations. Codes of practices; there have some codes to practice law.eg: the pension regulators codes of practice guidelines on how to comply with legal requirements. Disable workers to give flexible works and more job opportunities. Compare and Contrast Equal Opportunities and Managing Diversity Equal Opportunities Concentration on discrimination /unfairness Perceived as an issue for woman and ethnic minorities and people with disabilities. Focus on boosting proportion of minority groups in employment. Strategy has to be main teamed. Emphasis on positive action rather than corporate vision. Managing Diversity Aims to ensure that all employees maximize their potential and contribution to the organization. Concentrates on movement within an organization it is culture and the meeting of business objectives. Concerns all staff and specially managers. Does not rely on positive action and provides a vision. (John P.Wilson workplace diversity and training 2005 page253) Tesco is view the Concept of Discrimination in Employment. Tesco protect their work force discrimination. They have suitable work patterns for employees. Every time they modify their rules and regulations for current social needs. In this time they are giving more job opportunities for female workers. They ignore race, ethnic, colour for recruitments and training promotions. Tesco have specific age limit for recruitments and pension. How is the organization move from equal opportunities to managing diversity? Tesco move from equal opportunities to managing diversity use some activities. Such as internal employee networks, Monitoring programs, Diversity conferences. They build up employee societies for discuss their problems and set solutions. Other hand trade unions are helping solve the employees problems. Management every time monitoring employees efficiency and give more benefits and promotions to them. Performance Management Armstrong and Baron define performance management as A process which contributes to the effective management of individuals and teams in order to achieve high levels of organizational performance. As such, it establishes shared understanding about what is to be achieved and an approach to leading and developing people which will ensure that it is achieved. They go on to stress that it is a strategy which relates to every activity of the organization set in the context of its human resource policies, culture, style and communications systems. The nature of the strategy depends on the organizational context and can vary from organization to organization. In other words performance management should be: Strategic it is about broader issues and longer-term goals Integrated it should link various aspects of the business, people management, and individuals and teams. It should incorporate: Performance Improvement throughout the organization, for individual, team and organizational effectiveness Development unless there is continuous development of individuals and teams, performance will not improve Managing Behaviour ensuring that individuals are encouraged to behave in a way that allows and fosters better working relationships. While most firms have a human resources or personnel department that develops and implements HRM practices, responsibility lies with both HR professionals and line managers. The interplay between managers and HR professionals leads to effective HRM practices. For example, consider performance appraisals. The success of a firms performance appraisal system depends on the ability of both parties to do their jobs correctly. HR professionals develop the system, while managers provide the actual performance evaluations. The nature of these roles varies from company to company, depending primarily on the size of the organization. This discussion assumes a large company with a sizable HRM department. However, in smaller companies without large HRM departments, line managers must assume an even larger role in effective HRM practices. HR professionals typically assume the following four areas of responsibility: establishing HRM policies and procedures, developing/choosing HRM methods, monitoring/evaluating HRM practices, and advising/assisting managers on HRM-related matters. HR professionals typically decide (subject to upper-management approval) what procedures to follow when implementing an HRM practice. For example, HR professionals may decide that the selection process should include having all candidates complete an application, take an employment test, and then be interviewed by a HR professional and line manager. HR professionals also consult with management on an array of HRM-related topics. They may assist by providing managers with formal training programs on topics like selection and the law, how to conduct an employment interview, how to appraise employee job performance, or how to effectively discipline employees. HR professionals also provide assistance by giving line managers advice about specific HRM-related concerns, such as how to deal with problem employees. Line managers direct employees day-to-day tasks. From an HRM perspective, line managers are mainly responsible for implementing HRM practices and providing HR professionals with necessary input for developing effective practices. Managers carry out many procedures and methods devised by HR professionals. For instance, line managers: Interview job applicants Provide orientation, coaching, and on-the-job training Provide and communicate job performance ratings Recommend salary increases Carry out disciplinary procedures Investigate accidents Settle grievance issues The development of HRM procedures and methods often requires input from line managers. For example, when conducting a job analysis, HR professionals often seek job information from managers and ask managers to review the final written product. Additionally, when HR professionals determine an organizations training needs, managers often suggest what types of training are needed and who, in particular, needs the training. Health and Safety at Tesco Occupational Health and Safety is an essential element of a successful and sustainable business  in todays global village.  Consequently, Tesco takes responsibility for  Occupational Health and  safety very seriously. Sustainable, profitable growth for Tesco is dependent on: Providing consumers and customers with products that are safe in use.   Protecting the health and safety of employees and contractors.   Managing activities so as to provide care and protection of the environment  Ã‚  Ã‚   To achieve a safe working environment and a world class reputation for Tesco in Health Safety at Work Some companies take some actions in order to retain health and safety in the company. Some may be in success but some companies cant achieve that goal. Tesco achieves health and safety by followings; Developing, designing, operating and maintaining facilities and processes that are safe and without risk to health. Developing, introducing and maintaining systems, which will establish appropriate standards of occupational health and safety and ensure compliance with all applicable legislation and internal Tesco standards by means of regular auditing? Setting annual improvement objectives, targets, and reviewing these to ensure they are being met at company, divisional and departmental levels to ensure continual improvement. Involving all employees in the preparation, review and implementation of this policy and providing appropriate training and safety awareness. Holding management at all levels accountable for the occupational health and safety performance of their staff. Recruitment Process at Tesco Recruitment refers to the process of screening, and selecting qualified people for a job at an organization or firm, or for a vacancy in a volunteer-based organization or community group. While generalist managers or administrators can undertake some components of the recruitment process, mid- and large-size organizations and companies often retain professional recruiters or outsource some of the process to recruitment agencies. External recruitment is the process of attracting and selecting employees from outside the organization. The recruitment industry has three main types of agencies: employment agencies, recruitment websites and job search engines, and headhunters for executive and professional recruitment. The stages in recruitment include sourcing candidates by advertising or other methods, and screening and selecting potential candidates using tests or interviews. The proper start to a recruitment effort is to perform a job analysis, to document the actual or intended requirement of the job to be performed. This information is captured in a job description and provides the recruitment effort with the boundaries and objectives of the search. Often times a company will have job descriptions that represent a historical collection of tasks performed in the past. These job descriptions need to be reviewed or updated prior to a recruitment effort to reflect present day requirements. Starting recruitment with an accurate job analysis and job description insures the recruitment effort starts off on a proper track for success. Sourcing Sourcing involves; 1)advertising, a common part of the recruiting process, often encompassing multiple media, such as the Internet, general newspapers, job ad newspapers, professional publications, window advertisements, job centres, and campus graduate recruitment programs; 2) Recruiting research, which is the proactive identification of relevant talent who may not respond to job postings and other recruitment advertising methods done in 1. This initial research for so-called passive prospects, also called name-generation, results in a list of prospects who can then be contacted to solicit interest, obtain a resume/CV, and be screened. Screening and Selection Suitability for a job is typically assessed by looking for skills, e.g. communication, typing, and computer skills. Qualifications may be shown through resumes, job applications, interviews, educational or professional experience, the testimony of references, such as for software knowledge, typing skills, numeracy, and literacy, through physiological tests or employment testing. In some countries, employers are legally mandated to provide equal opportunity in hiring. Business management software is used by many recruitment agencies to automate the testing process. Many recruiters and agencies are using an applicant tracking system to perform many of the filtering tasks, along with software tools for psychometric testing. Conclusion Human resource management is an important function not only for Tesco but also for all the companies which manage human power or which deal with people. HRM is a key point for a company for its success if that function fails or malfunctioned the company will fall because the effect of bad HRM are not friendly to the company. Company labour cost will increase and because of that cost of production will rise and the sales will decrease, Because of less Sales Company cannot stay in the market or face the competition. The difficult management function within the company in known as HRM. Lot of studies has carried our around the world by professors and professional authorities in order to maintain a successful HRM in companies This case study is written in order to those companies which need basic knowledge of HRM and for students who want to know the meaning of HRM and how that functions. Tesco is a multinational company that has spread over 25 countries with about 440,000 employees. That much of employees are a asset to a company and the management is very important else employee dissatisfaction will leave to Tesco company down as mention above. HRM is not just a management function like finance management, production management etc, its special because it always deal with real people and they are hard to handle and the understanding in to be there within the company and employee to achieve success in future.

Should Everything on the Internet be Free? Essay -- Internet Technolog

Should Everything on the Computer be Free? Many people say, "The best things in life are free." However, when we say this, we don’t particularly mean materialistic items. Nearly two years ago this saying was heard by those who may have won the lottery or whom may have been in love and feels that it is the best thing. Nevertheless, a few years ago nearly nothing was free and if it was there was always a catch to go along with it. Now that the Internet has become so popular it is difficult not to find something for free. There are numerous sites on the World Wide Web that offer free items. For example, www.zipso.com, is a site that you are able to subscribe for free offers. The site www.napster.com, is a music site which people are able to download songs from. The site www.freephone.com, is a site where one can download a program and have a microphone on your computer and make phone calls. The site www.netzero.com, this is a site that one can go to and get free Internet access. These are just a few sites that offer free items. Since all these free things are accessible through a computer it would make since that there would be free Internet services. There are a few companies that offer free service. America Online (AOL) sends out CD’s, that hold 100 minutes of Internet time on them. There is a catch, of course, with this though, many people make the mistake of downloading the product the wrong way and later find their phone bill with multiple unknown charges. There is also another company called Netzero which an entirely free service. There are some stipulations with the service that limits what can be done, it is also not guaranteed to be working all the time. With these services I feel it is a great opportunity for people... ...f a call is longer than a certain amount of time there should be a charge. Other than that I feel it is companies are going to get upset that they are loosing money. The problem should get taken care of before it happens. I feel that having the Internet is an ample opportunity to try out innumerable things. Although there are many services that offer free items, a number of people like to stick to the original product of service. The services that are free have drawbacks that a large portion of our fast past population does not have the patience for. It is much easier for a person to pick up the phone or the newspaper than to get on the computer, wait to be connected to the Internet and then look for what you need. In conclusion, although free is awesome, it is great and by far not perfect!the same thing with what Napster is going through. Eventually the phone . Should Everything on the Internet be Free? Essay -- Internet Technolog Should Everything on the Computer be Free? Many people say, "The best things in life are free." However, when we say this, we don’t particularly mean materialistic items. Nearly two years ago this saying was heard by those who may have won the lottery or whom may have been in love and feels that it is the best thing. Nevertheless, a few years ago nearly nothing was free and if it was there was always a catch to go along with it. Now that the Internet has become so popular it is difficult not to find something for free. There are numerous sites on the World Wide Web that offer free items. For example, www.zipso.com, is a site that you are able to subscribe for free offers. The site www.napster.com, is a music site which people are able to download songs from. The site www.freephone.com, is a site where one can download a program and have a microphone on your computer and make phone calls. The site www.netzero.com, this is a site that one can go to and get free Internet access. These are just a few sites that offer free items. Since all these free things are accessible through a computer it would make since that there would be free Internet services. There are a few companies that offer free service. America Online (AOL) sends out CD’s, that hold 100 minutes of Internet time on them. There is a catch, of course, with this though, many people make the mistake of downloading the product the wrong way and later find their phone bill with multiple unknown charges. There is also another company called Netzero which an entirely free service. There are some stipulations with the service that limits what can be done, it is also not guaranteed to be working all the time. With these services I feel it is a great opportunity for people... ...f a call is longer than a certain amount of time there should be a charge. Other than that I feel it is companies are going to get upset that they are loosing money. The problem should get taken care of before it happens. I feel that having the Internet is an ample opportunity to try out innumerable things. Although there are many services that offer free items, a number of people like to stick to the original product of service. The services that are free have drawbacks that a large portion of our fast past population does not have the patience for. It is much easier for a person to pick up the phone or the newspaper than to get on the computer, wait to be connected to the Internet and then look for what you need. In conclusion, although free is awesome, it is great and by far not perfect!the same thing with what Napster is going through. Eventually the phone .

Human Resources Planning for Hospitality and Tourism

Graduate School Trisakti Institute of Tourism Final Assignment (Problem Solving) Course : Human Resources Planning for Hospitality and Tourism Lectrurer : Prof. Syamsir Abduh, PhD Case Study 1 Brunt Hotels, PLC, owns more than 60 hotels throughout the United Kingdom. They recently acquired a small hotel chain headquartered in France. Brunt’s chief executive decided that half of the new hotels in France would be retained and rebranded as part of the Brunt Hotels Group; the other half will be sold.This will support Brunt’s strategic objective of growing the organization slowly to make sure that new ventures are well supported and opened on time and on budget. Brunt’s hotels are considered budget accommodations; they are functional, clean and reasonably priced. Additional information about UK hotel standards is available at Most guests stay for one to three nights and are a combination of business and leisure travellers. The hotels are typically situated in downtown locations that are easily accessible by mass transit. Relevant materials: Hospitality and Tourism RelationshipTourists are attracted to these hotels in popular visitor destinations where the many local attractions mean that they will not be spending much time in their hotel rooms. The organization has decided to use an ethnocentric approach and send some of their existing UK-based managers to France to lead the changeover of the new hotels and then manage them after they re-open. If this new overseas venture is successful, Brunt may decide to acquire other small hotel groups in other European countries. The organization would like to own 150 hotels in the next five years. Their 10-year plan is to own 300 hotels across Europe.This is an ambitious target, so it is important that the organization finds an effective formula to operate successfully in other countries. The management team decides to select only one of the three proposed training programs, confident that it will be useful and informative for the new expatriates. However, they would also like to provide external support for the new expatriates to make their transition to a new country as smooth as possible. They are aware of some of the services that can be offered to support employees on both a personal and professional level, but do not have a comprehensive overview.Question: The management team asks you to conduct Internet-based research to find out what expatriate support services are available. Case Study 2 (see the case study 1: Brunt Hotels) The management team liked your recruitment advertisement, but realized that they did not consider the salary for these new positions! Since the organization has never hired managers to work outside the UK before, they do not know how to start determining the compensation. They provide you with the following information that they found on the Internet: * Existing salary for managers is ? 0,000 (45,000 Euros) plus bonuses. * Surveys show that the average salary for hotel managers in France is 60,000 Euros with no opportunity to earn bonuses. The directors want to have a consistent approach as to how they compensate expatriates because they expect their overseas business to expand in the future. They also want existing employees to be enticed into working abroad and want to have a good range of incentives. Question : Design a compensation package for the hotel management position. Explain the rationale for your design.You may also include non-financial benefits. Case Study 3 This is a case of two competing hotels, Sunrise Hotel and Beachside Hotel that are both located in a medium sized, tourism based town in the Northeast U. S. The hotels are both competing for the same set of guests, as well as the same set of potential employees. They are both budget hotels, right next door to each other, with 60 guest rooms each and a view of the beach. The occupancy during peak season for the Sunrise Hotel is 98%, but during the winter months goes down to 65%.The Beachside Hotel has peak season occupanc y of 90% and off peak occupancy of 50%. Joe is the General Manager of Sunrise Hotel and has been in his current position for 5 years. He has been with Sunrise Hotel for a total of 10 years. He worked his way up at Sunrise Hotel from front desk agent to front desk supervisor, and finally to Assistant General Manager before he became the General Manager. He does a good job of screening potential employees for his front desk area of the hotel because he realizes the importance of that area of the hotel, especially in tourist areas.He also has incentives set up for excellent performance of the front desk agents and training and development programs designed to give everyone information that will help them do their job better. There is a sense of teamwork at Sunrise Hotel and that helps everyone want to do a good job. His guest satisfaction ratings for his hotel are overall excellent. On a rating scale of 1–10, his hotel averages a 9. The average length of tenure of his employees is 4 years, and his current front desk supervisor was promoted from within, along with his Assistant General Manager.Because of the small size of the hotel, Joe is actually involved with all of the hiring decisions and helps to give training programs himself, along with his leadership team. The employee turnover at the Sunrise Hotel is 25% overall and that is primarily when hourly employees graduate high school or college and leave the Sunrise Hotel for a career somewhere else. Brian is the General Manager of the Beachside Hotel and deals with a very different situation. Brian was brought in from another hotel in the same hotel group about 6 months ago.He was told by his boss that he needed to â€Å"fix† this hotel so that it would start having better customer satisfaction ratings and more return guests. Despite the fairly high occupancy noted during peak seasons, the off peak season occupancy is only 50%. Also noted by his boss, the occupancy should be as good as the Sunrise Hotel. Brian has been with his hotel group now for 2 years and he came out of the accounting and finance department in his old hotel. He has a great understanding of the numbers in the lodging industry, but has not been involved with the human resource aspects of the job.The turnover of hourly employees at Beachside Hotel is 120% and that means that Brian is constantly running the hotel short handed and with new employees. The Beachside Hotel has been doing the hiring through a human resource practitioner in the hotel that was put in the position because she really could not handle serving guests at the front desk very well. Mary was promoted to human resources a year ago after she had one too many altercations with the guests at the front desk. The owner of the hotel wanted to make sure that she would not make any of the other guests angry, so he promoted her to a human resources practitioner.Since that time, she has been busy trying to keep up with hiring and she has had no time for training employees. Because she is so busy, paychecks often come out to employees late, there are no policies written down for employees to use as a guide for performance, customers are treated badly by new and poorly trained employees, and the departments of the hotel do not communicate very effectively and therefore everyone blames everyone else when things go wrong. The average length of tenure of the front desk agents at the Beachside Hotel is 3 months and the customer satisfaction rating at the Beachside is a 6 out of a 10 possible rating.Most of the front desk agents that are hired come from other hotels in the area after they quit or are fired. Brian is not involved in the hiring for the hotel at all, and does not get involved with training and development. He spends most of his days looking at the financial reports for the hotel and analyzing average daily rate, occupancy rates, and REVPAR. Brian knows that he has many problems to deal with and so he goes to the Sunrise Hotel to observe things over there for a while. He sees a happy crew and talks to Joe about how he is making that happen.Joe is happy to help, but wants Brian to go back and observe his employees first and come up with ways that he specifically can help guide Brian. Questions: 1. What could Brian learn from Joe in terms of the human capital aspects of running a hotel? 2. What human resource planning initiatives could be undertaken by either the Sunrise Hotel or Beachside Hotel in order to help with the overall performance of their respective organizations? Available from:| Monday, 3 December 2012, 07:00 AM| Due date:| Monday, 3 December 2012, 12:30 PM|

Planning Authorisation and Development of a New Maggie’s Centre in South Manchester

In support of our charity of the twelvemonth ‘Pancreatic Cancer’ it seems suiting to recognize the new planning mandate and development by Sir Norman Foster for a new Maggie’s Centre in south Manchester, which will be due to open in 2016. Working in partnership with the ‘Christie, ’ who are a planetary leader in malignant neoplastic disease research and intervention, the new Maggie’s Centre will supply free support runing from practical, emotional and societal support for anyone life with malignant neoplastic disease every bit good as household and friends affected. The new Centre will offer a non-clinical environment where by anyone that is affected by caner can halt of advice, counsel and support. The Maggie’s Centres were foremost founded by Maggie Keswick Jencks who lived with advanced malignant neoplastic disease for two old ages. During this clip she used her cognition and experience to make a ‘blueprint’ for a new type of attention. Maggie’s Centres are built around her belief that people should nonâ€Å"lose the joy of life in the fright of dying† The first Maggie’s Centre to open was in Edinburgh in 1996 and presently there are now 17 Maggie ‘s Centres in the UK that are all designed by taking designers. Each Centre conveying the interior decorators own single qualities and readings to the same type of brief, which is based strictly on the demands of a individual populating with malignant neoplastic disease. The undermentioned illustrations demonstrate the diverseness of working with different contractors and interior decorators to bring forth a successful result. The images below illustrate the first Maggies Centre in Edinburgh, which was built as a renovation of old stable blocks, and blended traditional Scottish stonework with modern architectural methods. The Centre was designed by 19 times RIBA awarded Richard Murphy Architects, Murphy has said his inspirationâ€Å"was to steal a edifice within a edifice, with tonss of small niches and intimate spaces† . The unfastened program nature allows for an emotional openness, with unhappiness every bit good as laughter, while the more private infinites allow for peace and quiet.†( Murphy, 1996 ) The Emma Keswick was the chosen garden interior decorator giving the landscape coloring material all twelvemonth unit of ammunition with quieting passages off from the infirmary. Maggie’s Dundee Maggies Dundee was design by none other than taking architect Frank Gehry and opened in 2003. It was the first ‘new build’ Centre to be design and constructed with the wavy Ag roof, taking inspiration from the traditional Scottish â€Å"butt n’ ben† home, offering peace and sanctuary.â€Å"I think it’s an inviting edifice, people will desire to come indoors and spend clip at that place, and I truly hope that in some little manner it might lend to a sense of rejuvenated energy for traveling frontward and populating life†( Gehry,2003 ) The garden was designed by Arabella Lenox-Boyd and demonstrates a ‘labyrinth’ design based which is a symbol for life ;â€Å"It isn’t a labyrinth, there are no dead terminals, but you have to swear you will happen a path through, even though frequently it feels like you are heading in wholly the incorrect direction.†( Lenox- Boyd, 2003 ) Maggie’s Nottingham Designed by Architect Peirs Gough and built in 2011 It is said that the Interior of the Nottingham’s Maggie’s Centre is the most typical of them all, with the Interior being designed by Nottingham born interior decorator Paul Smith. His electric mix of colorful prints and cloths, meets classic design and furniture. Each room within the infinite has been designed to make a wholly different atmosphere to arouse feelings and inspiration.â€Å"The thought is that you walk in and state ‘oh isn’t that a lovely fabric? ’ or ‘isn’t that horrid? ’ -whatever it provokes, at least it’s a kick-off of a conversation.† ( Sir Paul Smith, 2011 ) The landscape around the Maggie’s Nottingham was designed by a London based practise Envert Studio, whose inspiration and focal point was on aroma and texture when choosing which workss to utilize. Maggie’s Fife Built in 2006, Maggie’s in Fife was Zaha Hadid’s first lasting construction in the UK and Hadid’s purpose was to guarantee that the new Centre was a deliberate contrast to that of the architecture of Kircaldy infirmary. â€Å"Once you step into the edifice you enter a wholly different universe. It is a sort of domestic infinite, it’s relaxing. Hospitals should hold confidant infinites, topographic points where patients can hold a small clip for themselves, to withdraw into†¦ It’s about how infinite can do you experience good.†( Hadid, 2006 ) Maggie’s Manchester Sir Norman Foster has been given the ‘go ahead’ for the new Maggie’s Centre based in south Manchester â€Å"This undertaking has a peculiar personal significance, as I was born in the metropolis and have first-hand experience of the hurt of a malignant neoplastic disease diagnosing. I believe in the power of architecture to raise the liquors and aid in the procedure of therapy. Within the Centre, there are a assortment of infinites, visitants can garner around a large kitchen tabular array, happen a peaceable topographic point to believe or they can work with their custodies in the nursery.Throughout, there is a focal point on natural visible radiation and contact with the gardens. The lumber frame, with its deep-rooted lattice helps to fade out the architecture into the environing verdure. †( Foster, 2014 ) The design has been inspired and will be set within peaceable gardens and green to reflect and prosecute with the out-of-doorss. The Interior infinites will have wooden surfaces and haptic cloths, while the environing gardens will be designed by landscape designer Dan Pearson, offering bunchs of flowers and quieting H2O characteristics. The colors and centripetal experience of nature will go portion of the Centre through‘micro gardens’and internal courtyards that relate to the different infinites within the edifice. Arranged over a individual floor, the natural lumber construction focuses around a broad, cardinal spinal column with the roof lifting in the Centre to make a mezzanine degree to light with natural visible radiation. The Centre will besides have a pool with traveling H2O will supply a unagitated infinite set amidst deep canopies that will shelter the Centre ‘s unfastened patios from rain, leting people to bask fresh air and the garden whatever the ‘British’ conditions is. www.architectsjournal.co.uk hypertext transfer protocol: //www.maggiescentres.org/search/ ? q=maggies+manch Images Edinburghhypertext transfer protocol: //www.facebook.com/photo.php? fbid=128228037223142 & A ; set=a.128228033889809.10839.127765650602714 & A ; type=1 & A ; theatre citythreepointzero.wordpress.com www.edwardhollis.com ifd-arch.blogspot.com www.floornature.com freshome.com www.todryfor.com Text mentions hypertext transfer protocol: //www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/daily-news/norman-foster-submits-plans-for-manchester-maggies-centre/8658811.article

Global Issues in Aviation

Global Issues in Aviation Introduction Aviation industry is one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world. It connects the whole world and augments numerous businesses globally. The air transportation results in economic and social benefits both of which contribute to economic growth of countries.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Global Issues in Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tourism and international trade sectors benefit enormously from the aviation industry. The rapid transportation of passengers and goods is another contribution of airlines worldwide. Finally, the aviation industry employs many people and contributes highly in terms of tax revenues (Dobbs 2009, p. 32). The industry has experienced tremendous growth in the recent years. There are a number of factors that have led to the high growth of this industry. The increase of peoples’ earnings, improvements in life styles, and enhancement in peopleâ₠¬â„¢s confidence in the use of aircrafts for movements have led to the witnessed rapid growth. The bilateral agreements among governments and the open sky agreements have also led to the increase in the use of commercial airlines. Competitions among airlines coupled with increased efficiency in airlines and airport operations have had the effect of fare reduction making air travel affordable. Finally, globalization has opened the world and people want to experience life in different areas of the world. However, the management of airlines has been faced with various internal and external factors that affect the operations and the management. These factors have great pressure on the profits of the airlines (Wald 2011, p. 27). This paper discusses the effects of these factors on the operation and the management of various airlines. It also explains the opportunities that exist in the aviation industry and risks that the businesses are likely to face. The paper is divided into four main sections namely introduction, internal factors, external factors, opportunities and risks, and finally conclusion. Internal Factors Factors affecting the operations and management of airline organizations are both internal and external. One of the internal factors affecting management is the existence of multiple levels of decision-making. The levels of decision making in many airlines are varied and interact at certain levels. The strategic, planning and operations departments are decision making levels that always interact and affect the operations of the airline. The airlines strategic decisions usually take a lot of time before their implementation. They also do require a lot of capital investment and a lot of research work.Advertising Looking for proposal on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The strategic decisions are usually made to influence the direction of the company. Growth and expansion plan is an example of a strategic decision that an air line can make. Precisely, there are bountiful impacts of internal and external factors on the operation and management of an airline. Additionally, there are associated opportunities and risks to the business following its nature of operation. Conversely, planning decisions are made to enhance optimal use of the airlines resources. Aviation industry has a lot of resource which include aircraft, flight attendants, human resources, and buildings among others. The management has to plan on how these resources are to be used optimally. In the airline, planning decisions relate to issues such as forecasting of demand, flight scheduling, assignment of flight pilots/crews to different flights, aircraft maintenance, and planning for the accommodation of crews (Albers, Auerbach, Baum, Delfmann 2005, p. 105). Other decisions that require planning are the number of workers required to manage a flight such luggage handlers, customer care officers, and so on. The decisions are also on the amount to be charged as fare and the availability of seats. All these decisions are related and this makes the whole planning a very complicated process. The operation decisions are those that are made daily and are reviewed regularly. Some examples of operation decisions may include responses to incidents such as adverse weather conditions, delays in flights, cancellation of flights, mechanical problems with an aircraft and non attendance of a staff due to issues like illness. The strategic decisions that have been made always affect the planning decisions that are to be made. The planning decisions on the other hand influence the operation decisions that are made. The feedback also comes following the sequence. The operations stage provides the planning stage with feedback and the planning stage further provides the strategic stage with the feedback. The other internal factor that affect operation and the management of airlines is the inte raction of different groups of workers who must operate together to ensure success of flights.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Global Issues in Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The size of the airline normally dictates the number of flights that it can operate. If the airline is a large one, then it will operate hundreds of flights in a single day. A considerable number of workers of different departments and professions must interact together to ensure the success of each of these flights. They have to cooperate with all having the single objective of ensuring that there is no delay in flight and that everything moves efficiently (Haberberg Rieple 2008, p 186). Some of the different groups of workers that interact are the cock pit crew, the cabin crew, the maintenance crew, the ramp crew, the baggage handlers, cargo agents, fuelling agents, the customer care crew, the catering agents, the air craft cle aning agents and the dispatchers. These workers are of different qualifications, workloads and pay grades but their contribution is vital in the process of preparing for the departure of flights. The airline management has to make a proper and implementable work plan for workers so as to ensure efficiency (Wu 2009, p.159). The work plan must ensure that there are no conflicts between the different groups. Such can easily lead to delays and possibly accidents. These different groups interact at different levels. The pilots are the ones to fly the plane and there must be certain number of pilots to fly large planes. The flight attendants ensure the security of the passengers onboard and also reassure them. The maintenance crew repair and maintain the aircraft and they do this regularly while the ramp agents on the other hand usually direct the aircraft and assist in parking it. The baggage handling crew usually load and off-load baggage while their fuelling counterparts assist in ensu ring that the aircraft has enough fuel for the flight. The customer service agents are responsible for assisting passengers before boarding with their queries, check-in, assignment of seats and any other issue. The gate agents usually ensure that any unauthorized person does not gain access to the aircraft. Meals and drinks to be taken in the aircraft are provided for by the catering agents. The description above shows how these groups of people interact for the success of the flight and conflict between them has effects that can impact negatively on the airline. The management of the airline therefore has to ensure that each of these groups do their work smoothly to avoid any adverse incident.Advertising Looking for proposal on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The other internal factor that impacts on the management and operation of airlines is the training and skills of the airline staff. The management has to ensure that the staff is well trained and qualified to work for the air line and that the crew in the aircraft are qualified to operate the flight. There are certain set of skills and knowledge that an expert in the aviation industry must have. The activities involved in the aviation business such as piloting is complex thus people with ability to make quick and accurate decisions are needed. The management must ensure that the training of the staff be an on-going activity and should be incorporated in the culture of the company. The skills and training that the airline staff get is necessary to ensure security and effectiveness of the flight and thus make the operation and management of the airline easier. External Factors Competition is one of the external factors affecting the aviation industry. This incorporates the activities of other contenders (Wald 2011, p. 342). It is impossible for the management of the airline to work effectively without considering the actions of the other industry players. The actions of competitors affect the actions of the management. Governments of various countries have regulations, which any airline organization must comply with in order to operate. The airline managements are also keen on the agreement terms that they make with the airports that serve them as these affect them. The agreements affect the airline through various factors such as airport congestion. The preferences and the needs of the customers also affect the management and the operations of the airline. Issues such as competitive fares, quality of customer care, reliability and services provided on-board are of great impact on the airline. The failure of the airline or other the management has negative impact on the airline. Finally, suppliers are important for the airline as they ensure continuation of the operations of the airlines activities. They thus affect the management of the airline since they provide crucial items such as gas, spare parts, meals and uniforms for the employees. Policies are the other external factors that impact on the operations and management of airlines. Government policies usually have direct impact on the industry. Certain policies for example excise taxes on the tickets have the effect of increasing the prices for the consumers and hence lowering demand. A policy that seeks to protect the consumer by expecting the airlines not to take much time with the customers on the tarmac due to bad weather has the effect of increasing the rate of flight cancellation. Interest rates are affected by monetary policies and these affect the airlines’ ability to acquire new aircrafts (Uwagwuna 2011, p.10). These policies affect the management and it therefore must act to avoid or limit the adverse effects that are associated with these legislations. Fuel policies also greatly affect the operations of airlines. Policies that affect the supply and the price of fuel have an influence on the profitability of the airline. Such policies may include oil suppliers’ decisions, expansions of refinery by an oil company and so on. Finally, the other external factors that affect the management of airlines are the social, political, and economic occurrences. Economic and social developments are usually rapid and have great impact on the aviation industry. Political events such as terrorist actions, wars and coups always have negative effects on the airlines. The management of the airlines must always be ready to take necessary actions whenever such events occur to help reduce their impacts on the airline. Airlines usually respond in various ways to survive such events and stay in business. Some of the ways that the management uses to survive such situations are among others the laying off of some staff, reduction of fares, cutting of employee salar ies and reduction of the number of flights that it operates. Opportunities and Risks The existence of these internal and external factors brings a lot of challenges to the management of an airline. The industry itself usually faces a lot of challenges such as slow down in economies and this greatly affects the operations of airlines. However, they do present the management with opportunities for further development that enable the airline to continue staying in business. The environment in which airlines operate is competitive, risky, unstable and dynamic. Issues such as fuel price changes, wars, customer service and the skills of the airline staff have impact on the ability of the airlines survival. They however bring the need for the management to put in place a proper corporate sustainability model so that it may stay in business. Aviation industry has risks associated with operations, finance, human capital, technology, and social. Management has to effectively handle these risk s. The industry has to adopt a corporate sustainability system that focuses on optimal use of resources, saving costs, improving capacities, and that enables fast response to changes (Triant Ayse, 2011, p.111). The portfolio of the model should include plans on how to manage network, crew and the handling of codes. Additionally, it should include how pricing is to be done, how the prices can be distributed and how the revenue is to be managed. The portfolio has to be guided by the research that the management has done. This is a vital consideration in the context of research and its ultimate impacts on the aviation industry. The management must have the capability to know the risks that the internal and external factors bring. It must control and manage the risks successfully to enable sustainability. Concurrently, management has to improve on security, convenience, customer satisfaction, and also offer competitive prices. It can do this through an effective and well-structured cor porate sustainability management model (Upham 2003, p. 28). The workers in the airline too must understand the need for risk management and its benefits. The model that enables airlines to operate sustainably must have a cross department risk management method that monitor issues such as fuel price changes, exchange and interest rates changes and demand trends. The model also assists in elimination of issues such as conflicts between various groups of workers. The challenge of competition is a threat to an airline but it offers an opportunity for the management to design a proper way of presenting itself to the market. The management has to take into consideration the market when designing a method of tackling competition, customer satisfaction and new territories. The factors that must be taken in to consideration include transport, communication, logistics, advertising and information among others. In presenting itself to the market, the airline must recognize its target customers (Shaw 2011, p. 172). In this way, the management will be able to know the customers’ requirements and thus will satisfy customers and make the airline succeed in competition. The recognition of the target market also enables the airline to know how to structure its marketing and advertisements. The recognition of the customers is what has enabled the France-KLM, the largest company in the airline industry. Technological advancements that have taken place in the recent years also have the capacity to assist the management of airline organizations deal with internal and external issues that affect the airline company. Computer technology/IT can assist in crew and flight scheduling and in general planning for different activities in the operations of the airline and this helps the airline save on time. The improvement in technology that is used in building of aircrafts currently enables airlines to save on fuel costs. This is so because the current technology in use enables the creation of fuel efficient aircrafts. A good percentage of the ground services are also automated due to technological advancements and this further helps in cost savings. The current technology used in the airline industry also enables airlines increase their revenues. The availability of services such as in-flight access to internet and entertainment among others leads the customers to pay more hence increased revenue for the airline. The other internal factor that impacts on the management and operation of airlines is the training and skills of the airline staff. This gives the management opportunity to determine the training requirement for the staff of the airline. It is the management of the airline that can effectively determine the set of skills that are needed for efficient operation of the airline (Fojt 2006, p.27). The management must ensure that the training of the staff be an on-going activity and should be incorporated in the culture of the company. Airlines face vari ous threats and these can greatly impact on the operations, efficiency and profitability of the airline. Cyber crime or attack is one of the threats that airlines face and this greatly affect the security of the airline and the passengers and the baggage. The security level of airlines and airports have been greatly increased since September 2011 but the threats of cyber attack still exist and are likely to occur if the management does not put in place proper monitoring. This is a critical provision in various contexts. It is crucial to comprehend various operational aspects in the airline industry. The other threat that is extremely risky for the airlines is the increase in oil prices. The failure of the management to take into consideration price changes in oil when forecasting their profits of the year can be disastrous to the airline. Such changes in the oil prices can be due to policies of oil marketers or the government. The increase in the oil prices may lead to increase in f are which further affects the demand. The failure of the management to properly make a work plan for the workers is the other risk that may face an airline. The workers of an airline perform different activities and they interact in their duties. However, their duties should never conflict as such can lead to flight delays and cancellations. The delays in flight can greatly affect the way customers view the airline and this will influence the efficiency and performance of the airline. Conclusion The airline industry is one of the fastest growing industries worldwide and it contributes immensely to economic growth of various countries. However, the management of airlines has been faced with various internal and external factors that usually affect the operations of the airlines. The internal factors include existence of multiple decisions making levels, the interaction of different groups of workers and the skills and training of the workers. On the other hand, external factors affec ting the management of the airlines include competition, political provisions, economic factors, and policies enacted by governments and fuel suppliers. This is a critical provision when considered in both economic and operational contexts. The existence of these factors gives the aviation industry numerous opportunities to improve its operations. Airlines may use corporate strategic models and the improvement in technology to tackle issues such as scheduling of workers in a way that there are no conflicts. The actions such as competition also challenge the management to design proper advertising and marketing plans. Finally, the paper recognized the risks that may occur due to the airlines should the management fail to tackle the internal and external issues that face them. Some of the threats that may occur due to poor handling of the internal and external issues include cyber attack, loss of revenue, and loss of consumer confidence in the airline. List of References Albers, S., A uerbach, S., Baum, H Delfmann, W 2005, Strategic management in the aviation industry, Ashgate, London, UK. Dobbs, D 2009, Aviation Industry Performance A Review of the Aviation Industry in 2008. Diane Pub Co, Darby, PA. Fojt, M 2006, The airline industry, Emerald Group Pub, Bradford, UK. Haberberg, A Rieple, A 2008, Strategic management: theory and application, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Shaw, S 2011, Airline marketing and management, Ashgate, Aldershot, UK. Triant G Ayse, Y 2011, Risk Management and Corporate Sustainability in Aviation, Ashgate Publishing Group, Aldershot, UK. Upham, P 2003, Towards sustainable aviation, Earthscan Publ., London, UK. Uwagwuna, C 2011, How the Macroeconomic Environment of the Airline Industry Affects the Strategic Decision of Boing Vs Airbus A Case Study, GRIN Verlag GmbH, München. Wald, A 2011, Introduction to aviation management, LIT, Berlin. Wu, C 2009, Airline operations and delay management: insights from airline economics, netw orks, and strategic schedule planning, Ashgate, Farnham, Surrey.